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Casting defects
Freckles, stray grains, low-angle boundaries, recrystallisation, porosity and shrinkage, hot tears, inclusions – where they come from and how they are prevented.
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Directional and single-crystal solidification
Bridgman and liquid-metal cooling, seeds and grain selectors, thermal gradient and withdrawal rate, baffles, dendritic structure.
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Superalloys
Cast nickel superalloy chemistry, γ′, carbides and TCP phases, melt refining – what governs both castability and service properties.
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Ceramic cores
Core compositions, sintering and shrinkage, high-temperature sag, leaching, printed cores.
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Shell moulds and wax patterns
Shells and their coats, pattern waxes, dewaxing, cluster assembly.
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Modelling and inspection
ProCAST, phase field, CALPHAD, defect criteria; inspection of orientation and structure.